ABSTRACT
Immunotherapy launched an entirely new era for human health and cancer treatment by enhancing the body’s immune system. Immunotherapy can not only eliminate tumor cells in the body to suppress “tumor immune escape”, but also benefit the survival of a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, some clinical trials have shown that immunotherapy has limited efficacy, even accelerates tumor growth rate, increases tumor burden and produces new lesions; clinically, this is called “hyperprogressive disease (HPD)". At present, HPD is not uncommon in the treatment of NSCLC. The mechanism underlying current findings remains to be characterized. There is still a lot of controversy about HPD, lacking new therapeutic evaluation criteria for immunotherapy, and no potential biomarkers and molecular mechanisms have been identified. This paper systematically reviewed the clinical research progress in HPD after anti-NSCLC immunotherapy, the prediction of biomarkers, the mechanism of HPD occurrence, and the identification of pseudo progression.